PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127688 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene								0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
												Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene								0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
												Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene					Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene					Waipipian			3
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					Waipipian			3.6
												Opoitian			3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Opoitian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene				Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
											Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene								11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
												Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian			13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene								15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
												Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene						Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene						Kekeamuan		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
															37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
												Bortonian			39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene							Bumbanian	47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Mangaorapan			50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Waipawan			52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Waipawan			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene					Teurian	Gashatan		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene						Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene								60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene								61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1				Haumurian
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian			Motuan	100.5
						Late Albian			Urutawan	103.3
						Middle Albian			Urutawan	106.2 *
						Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan	108.4
						Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian				113
						Late Aptian				117.5
						Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian				139.8
						Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
						Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian					174.7
						Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
						Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		Vokhmian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian							251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian					Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
															443.8