PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of China			Cambrian of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian										0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian										0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
						Monroecreekian									23.1 *
						Geringian									24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian									27.82
				Rupelian											29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										33.9
				Priabonian											37
				Bartonian											37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1								60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1								61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		Srbsko		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian		Chotec		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
			Pragian	Siegen		Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine		Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian		Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
			Sandbian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
			Darriwilian		Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian		Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian				470
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian				477.7
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10							Niuchehean		Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian							Paibian			494
			Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian						Marjumian		Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan						Topazan		Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
			Wuliuan						Delamaran		Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	Duyunian		509
			Stage 4						Dyeran		Duyunian		511 *
			Stage 3						Dyeran		Nangaoian		514
									Montezuman				514.8 *
									Begadean				519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian		521
			Fortunian								Meishucunian		529
			Fortunian								Jinnigian		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
															635