PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Precambrian of Russia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian						0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean							3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian							15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian					27.82
				Rupelian							29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian							37
				Bartonian							37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1				60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1				61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian							72.1
				Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
				Aptian							113
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian							139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
				Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian							168.2
				Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
				Pliensbachian							184.2
				Sinemurian							192.9
				Hettangian							199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
				Norian							208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †				Zechstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes		259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian					Autunian		283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare				419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma				421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare				423
			Ludfordian			Paadla				423.4 *
			Gorstian		425.6	Paadla
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan	Stage 5 †			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				509
		Series 2	Stage 3				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
											1400