PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian						0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
				Zanclean							3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian							15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian					27.82
				Rupelian							29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian							37
				Bartonian							37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1				60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1				61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian							72.1
				Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
				Aptian							113
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian							139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
				Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian							168.2
				Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
				Pliensbachian							184.2
				Sinemurian							192.9
				Hettangian							199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
				Norian							208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian	Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian			453
						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
				Dobrotivian				458.5 *
				Oretanian				459.7 *
					Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian		Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian	Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
											1400