International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
  • J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
  • Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127314 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleNorth American Mammal Subages/ZonesCenozoic SubepochsCambrian EpochsCarbo-Permian of the Russian PlatformMammal Paleogene ZonesPermian of the PamirsNeogene Mammal Ages of ChinaObsolete Names for ICS UnitsSilurian of the Baltic
QuaternaryPleistoceneLate PleistoceneSheridanianLate PleistoceneNihewanian0.0117
ChibanianMiddle Pleistocene0.129
Cudahyan/Sappan0.21
CalabrianEarly Pleistocene0.774
Senecan/Rexroadian1.4
Gelasian1.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianLate PlioceneYusheanTertiary †2.58
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian4.7
Baodean4.9
MioceneMessinianLate Miocene5.333
Tortonian7.246
Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian9.4
Tunggurian11.1
SerravallianMiddle Miocene11.63
late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian12.5
LanghianShanwangian13.82
BurdigalianEarly Miocene15.98
Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian16.3
Xiejiaan16.9
late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early ArikareeanHarrisonian18.5
Aquitanian20.44
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianLate OligoceneMP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26MP 2523.03
Monroecreekian23.1 *
Geringian24.7 *
RupelianEarly OligoceneMP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 2127.82
29.5
EocenePriabonianLate Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early ChadronianLate EoceneMP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A33.9
37
BartonianMiddle EoceneMP 1637.71
Late Uintan/Early Uintan39.7
LutetianMP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 1141.2
Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian46.2
YpresianEarly EoceneMP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 747.8
Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean50.5
Cf3/Cf2/Cf154.9
PaleoceneThanetianLate PaleoceneMP 6MP 1 - 556
Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti156.2
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
To3/To2/To160.9
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Pu3/Pu2/Pu163.8
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtian66
Campanian72.1
Santonian83.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Cenomanian93.9
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Aptian113
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonian145
Kimmeridgian149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
Pliensbachian184.2
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetian201.4
Norian208.5
Carnian227
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Induan251.2
PermianLopingianChanghsingianMelekhovianDorashamian251.902
WuchiapingianDzhulfianLongtanian †254.14
GuadalupianCapitanianMidian259.51
Wordian264.28
Noginskian264.9 *
Murgabian266.2 *
Roadian266.9
CisuralianKungurianKubergandian273.01
Pavlovoposadian276.8 *
Bolorian279.8
Artinskian283.5
Yakhtashian286
Rusavkinian287.6 *
SakmarianSakmarian290.1
AsselianAsselian293.52
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelian298.9
KasimovianDorogomilovian303.7
Khamovnikian304.8
Krevyakinian305.8 *
MoscovianMyachkovian307
Podolskian308.9 *
Kashirian311.4 *
Vereian313.8
Melekessian314.8
Bashkirian315.2
Cheremshanian316.9 *
Prikamian318.6 *
Severokeltmian319.9 *
Krasnopolyanian321.2 *
Voznesenian321.9 *
MississippianSerpukhovianZapaltjubian323.2
Protvian324.4 *
Steshevian326.8 *
Tarusian329 *
ViseanVenevian330.9
Mikhailovian331.9 *
Aleksinian333.7 *
Tulian335.8 *
Bobrikian339.9 *
Radaevkian343.4 *
TournaisianKosvian346.7
Kizelian350.7 *
Cherepetian351.9 *
Karakubian354.4 *
Upinian356.3 *
Malevkian357.6 *
Gumerovian358 *
DevonianLate DevonianFamennian358.9
Frasnian372.2
Middle DevonianGivetian382.7
Eifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsian393.3
Pragian407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoliOhesaare419.2
Kaugetuma421.7 *
LudlowLudfordianKuressaare423
Paadla423.4 *
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerianRootsikula427.4
Jaagarahu429.2 *
Sheinwoodian430.5
Jaani431.8 *
LlandoveryTelychian433.4
Adavere434 *
Aeronian438.5
Raikkula439.4 *
Rhuddanian440.8
Juuru441.4 *
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantian443.8
Katian445.2
Sandbian453
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilian458.4
Dapingian467.3
Early OrdovicianFloian470
Tremadocian477.7
CambrianFurongianStage 10Late Cambrian485.4
Jiangshanian489.5
Paibian494
MiaolingianGuzhangianMiddle CambrianSeries 3 †497
Drumian500.5
WuliuanStage 5 †504.5
Series 2Stage 4Early Cambrian509
Stage 3514
TerreneuvianStage 2521
Fortunian529
538.8