PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene												0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian															1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene												2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian															9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene												11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian															12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene												15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian															16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian														18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Monroecreekian														23.1 *
				Geringian														24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene										Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene										Kekeamuan		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan															39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan															41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian															46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene											Bumbanian	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean															50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1													54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene										Gashatan		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene										Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene												60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene												61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian			335.8 *
				Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare					419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian	Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian				Pirgu		445.2
						Vormsi		449.6 *
						Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
						Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian				Keila		Idavere †	453
						Haljala			453.9
						Kukruse			456.4 *
						Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku			458.4
						Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Aseri			460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg				477.7
						Varangu				481.3 *
						Pakerort				482.2 *
										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian				489.5
								Aksaian								490.7 *
								Sakian								492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Paibian				494
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian				Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan						Amgan/Solvan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian			Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian				Lenian †		510 *
				Toyonian						Dyeran				511 *
				Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3										Nangaoian		514
										Montezuman				514.8 *
				Atdabanian						Montezuman				515.6 *
				Atdabanian						Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian			Meishucunian					521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian	Manykaian †				530.7
																		538.8