PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene									Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian			Middle Pleistocene									Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Middle Pleistocene									Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian													1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene						Tertiary †				2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene										3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Early Pliocene										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Middle Miocene										11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene										15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene										23.03
				Monroecreekian												23.1 *
				Geringian												24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian		Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene										33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene										37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene										37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene										47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean													50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene										56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene										56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene										60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene										61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian				Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju						Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
					Nabala	Johvi †			450 *
			Viru		Rakvere				450.6 *
					Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian			Keila	Idavere †			453
					Haljala				453.9
					Kukruse				456.4 *
					Uhaku	Aluoja †			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku				458.4
					Lasnamagi				458.9 *
					Aseri				460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda				462.9 *
					Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
					Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
						Latorp †				470.1 *
					Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg					477.7
					Varangu					481.3 *
					Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort					Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8