PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							Nihewanian		Late Pleistocene			0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene			0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene			0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene			0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Yushean		Late Pliocene			2.58
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene			3.6
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian												4.7
												Baodean					4.9
			Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene			5.333
				Tortonian									Pannonian				7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
												Tunggurian					11.1
				Serravallian									Sarmatian	Middle Miocene			11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Sarmatian				12.5
													Badenian				12.8 *
				Langhian								Shanwangian					13.82
				Burdigalian										Early Miocene			15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Xiejiaan					16.9
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene			23.03
						Monroecreekian											23.1 *
						Geringian											24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian								Early Oligocene			27.82
				Rupelian										Early Oligocene			29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Late Eocene			33.9
				Priabonian										Late Eocene			37
				Bartonian										Middle Eocene			37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Early Eocene			47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Late Paleocene			56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Late Paleocene			56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene			59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene			60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene			61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian						Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian		Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	443.8
			Katian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †			445.2
			Katian			Berounian				449.7 *
			Sandbian							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †					458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
						Dobrotivian						458.5 *
						Oretanian						459.7 *
							Sarka †					461.7 *
			Dapingian				Klabava †					467.3
			Dapingian			Arenigian						468
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan										504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
			Stage 3									Branchian	514
			Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635