PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127456 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of Siberia			Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian																0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian																0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan																0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan																0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian																1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
				Zanclean																	3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian																4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian																9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian																11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian																12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian																16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian															18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
						Monroecreekian															23.1 *
						Geringian															24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian															27.82
				Rupelian																	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian																33.9
				Priabonian																	37
				Bartonian																	37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan																39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan																41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian																46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian																47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean																50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1														54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1														56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1														56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1														59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1														60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1														61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1														63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian															Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian															Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian															Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian															Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian															Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															Late Albian		100.5
																			Middle Albian		106.2 *
																			Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian															Late Aptian		113
				Aptian															Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian															Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian															Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian															Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian															Late Berriasian		139.8
																			Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																			Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian															Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian															Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian															Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian															Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian																Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian															Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
Bajocian				Late Bajocian				168.2
Bajocian				Early Bajocian				168.6 *
Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian	Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian				227
			Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
			Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
					Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian				303.7	Stephanian A
			Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian		393.3
			Emsian				Early Emsian		398.3 *
			Pragian				Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian		410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian							Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
Edenian				450.4 *
Mohawkian				Chatfieldian					451.1 *
			Sandbian	Chatfieldian					453
				Turinian					453.7 *
Whiterockian									Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian								467.3
			Dapingian	Rangerian							469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean								477.7
				Stairsian								480.3 *
				Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
											Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
												Aksaian					490.7 *
												Sakian					492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Ayusokkanian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
												Ayusokkanian					Arcadian	498.4
												Mayan/Menevian						499.5
		Drumian										Mayan/Menevian						500.5
		Wuliuan										Amgan/Solvan			Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Branchian	Waucoban †	509
												Toyonian	Lenian †					510 *
												Toyonian			Dyeran			511 *
												Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3																514
						Montezuman									514.8 *
												Atdabanian			515.6 *
					Placentian			517.1
						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian				521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian						Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian						538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian										Karatau						800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau						1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan						1375
																					1400