PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Silurian of the Baltic	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of China		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian													0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian													0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan													0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan													0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian													1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian													4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Monroecreekian												23.1 *
				Geringian												24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian												27.82
		Rupelian														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian													33.9
		Priabonian														37
		Bartonian														37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean													50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1											60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1											61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian					100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian					113
		Aptian									Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian	174.7
						Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
						Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian		Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian		Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Middle Mississippian		Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian		Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani		433.4
		Telychian				Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Tremadocian						Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian						Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian			Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian							Paibian					494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
										Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
								Ayusokkanian			Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
											Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian	Drumian						500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian	Drumian						503
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Tuesaian		Amgan/Solvan	504.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian							Duyunian			509
								Toyonian		Toyonian		Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian		Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian		Botomian	Nangaoian			514
								Atdabanian		Atdabanian				515.6 *
				Placentian				Atdabanian		Atdabanian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian		Meishucunian	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian										Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian		Manykaian †		530.7
																538.8