PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian													0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian													0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan													0.21
									Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian													1.4
									Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian						Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian							3
		Zanclean							Waipipian							3.6
									Opoitian							3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													9.4
								Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian														11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian													12.5
									Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian							13.82
									Clifdenian							15.1
								Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												18.5
									Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Monroecreekian												23.1 *
				Geringian												24.7 *
									Duntroonian							25.2
									Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian													33.9
								Arnold	Runangan							34.6
									Kaiatan							36.7
																37
		Bartonian														37.71
									Bortonian							39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
									Heretaungan							45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
									Mangaorapan							48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan							50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan							52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian							56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1											60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1											61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian				72.1			Haumurian
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian						Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
									Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian							Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian							Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian							Warepan	208.5
									Otamitan	217
									Oretian	221
		Carnian							Oretian	227
		Carnian		Gore				Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian						Etalian	238
		Anisian						Etalian	242
		Anisian						Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian	249
		Induan						Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville				Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai	251.902
										252.4 *
									Chhidru	252.9 *
								Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
								Puruhauan			254.2
									Kalabagh		255 *
			Wargal						256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima				Flettian		259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
								Barettian		266
			Amb							266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb							266.9
		Roadian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian			283.5
					Telfordian			285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian						Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
											Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											489.5
												Steptoean	493 *
											Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian		Albertian †	St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan	Stage 5 †					504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran	Stage 5 †					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	Caerfai				509
		Stage 4						Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran						514
								Montezuman						514.8 *
								Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8