PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
				Gelasian								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean							Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
				Langhian								13.82
				Burdigalian							Early Miocene	15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
				Aquitanian								20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
						Monroecreekian						23.1 *
						Geringian						24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian			Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian					Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
				Norian								208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli		Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian	Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian	Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian	Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian	489.5
					Aksaian	490.7 *
					Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian		Sakian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian			499.5
			Drumian		Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian		Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan		Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan			505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
					Toyonian	510 *
					Botomian	512.5 *
			Stage 3		Botomian	514
			Stage 3		Atdabanian	515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian	521
			Stage 2			525.5
			Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
												635