PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of China		Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Precambrian Ages	European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian									Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene		0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
				Gelasian									MN 17			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									MN 16	Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
				Piacenzian									MN 15	Late Pliocene		3.2
				Zanclean									MN 15	Early Pliocene		3.6
													MN 14			4.2
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								MN 14			4.7
													MN 13		Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian									MN 13	Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian									MN 12			7.246
													MN 11			7.75
													MN 10			8.7
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								MN 10			9.4
													MN 9			9.7
													MN 7 + 8		Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian										Middle Miocene		11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
													MN 6			12.8 *
				Langhian									MN 5		Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian									MN 4	Early Miocene		15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								MN 4			16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								MN 3		Xiejiaan	16.9
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							MN 3			18.5
													MN 2			20
				Aquitanian									MN 2			20.44
				Aquitanian									MN 1			22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
						Monroecreekian										23.1 *
						Geringian										24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian								Early Oligocene		27.82
				Rupelian										Early Oligocene		29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Late Eocene		33.9
				Priabonian										Late Eocene		37
				Bartonian										Middle Eocene		37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Early Eocene		47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Late Paleocene		56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Late Paleocene		56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene		60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene		61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
Oxfordian				154.8
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian				Buntsandstein	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian					253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian					254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Laibinian					257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan				Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Kuhfengian				Leine	264.28
			Roadian	Kuhfengian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian					273.01
			Artinskian	Luodianian					283.5
			Artinskian	Longlinian					285.4 *
			Sakmarian	Longlinian					290.1
			Asselian	Zisongian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian					298.9
			Gzhelian						300.1
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
									Festiniogian			489.2 *
			Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian							489.5
											Steptoean	493 *
									Maentwrogian			493.1 *
			Paibian		Paibian							494
			Paibian		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian						494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	St Davids			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian		Drumian	Wangcunian †				Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian					Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian					Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian		Caerfai			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4		Duyunian					Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3		Nangaoian					Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian							521
			Fortunian		Meishucunian							529
			Fortunian		Jinnigian							530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635