PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian									Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene		0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene		2.58
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Early Pliocene		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Middle Miocene		11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian										Early Miocene		15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
						Monroecreekian										23.1 *
						Geringian										24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian								Early Oligocene		27.82
				Rupelian										Early Oligocene		29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Late Eocene		33.9
				Priabonian										Late Eocene		37
				Bartonian										Middle Eocene		37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Early Eocene		47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Late Paleocene		56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Late Paleocene		56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene		60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene		61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Vokhmian				247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	Vokhmian				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian					Autunian	283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian		425.6	Paadla
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian			443.8
			Katian			Gamachian			445.2
						Richmondian			446 *
						Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian				450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
			Sandbian			Chatfieldian				453
						Turinian				453.7 *
					Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian								467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian					469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian			Tulean						473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean						477.7
						Stairsian						480.3 *
						Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian						485.4
			Stage 10									487.5
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan										504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
Stage 3			514									Branchian
Stage 3			Placentian									517.1
Terreneuvian		Stage 2										521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian		Karatau										800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		Karatau										1000
		Stenian		Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan				1375
																1400