PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of China			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan										Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian									Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian											Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Early Eocene	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1								Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1								Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian						Gamachian	445.2
			Chientangkiangian						Richmondian	446 *
			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5		Richmondian
							Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian			450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian	Yiyangian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian									477.7
						Lianghekou †						477.9 *
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian				485.4
														487.5