PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian																Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian																Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan																Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan																Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian																	1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Villanyian					Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian												Ruscinian					Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean																	Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian																Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Turolian					Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian												Turolian						7.246
														Vallesian						8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											Vallesian						9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											Astaracian					Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian																	12.5
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian												Orleanian					Early Miocene	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian																	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian																18.5
														Agenian						20
		Aquitanian												Agenian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	Late Oligocene	23.03
				Monroecreekian																23.1 *
				Geringian																24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian															Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian																	Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian																Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian																	Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian																	Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan																	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan																	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian																	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian																Early Eocene	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean																	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1															54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1														Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1														Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1														Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1														Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1														Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1														Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian															Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
																	Kawhia	Ohauan		150
																		Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian																Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		266
		Roadian				Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian			273.01
				Mangapirian			Cathedralian			276
							Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
				Telfordian						285
				Telfordian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Nealian				293.52
		Asselian	Nealian				Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel			298.9
							Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			303.7					Stephanian A
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian					305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian					307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D			307.4 *
							Westphalian C			309.8
							Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B			315.2
							Westphalian A			317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian			318.8 *
							Marsdenian			320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
							Alportian			322 *
							Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian			323.2
							Arnsbergian			324 *
							Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †			330.9
					Livian		Asbian †			336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian								Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian								Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian			443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian												453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
										Dobrotivian						458.5 *
										Oretanian						459.7 *
									Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian								Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan				489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †		497
		Drumian	Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran			514
			Montezuman			514.8 *
			Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																				538.8