PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Silurian of North America			European Faunal Zones	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian																	0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian																	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan																	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan																	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian																	1.4
		Gelasian														MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †						MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian														MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean														MN 15				3.6
																MN 14				4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian													MN 14				4.7
																MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian														MN 12				7.246
																MN 11				7.75
																MN 10				8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													MN 10				9.4
																MN 9				9.7
																MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian																		11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian																	12.5
																MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian														MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian														MN 4				15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													MN 4				16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													MN 3				16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												MN 3				18.5
																MN 2				20
		Aquitanian														MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian														MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
				Monroecreekian																23.1 *
				Geringian																24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian																27.82
		Rupelian																		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian																	33.9
		Priabonian																		37
		Bartonian																		37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan																	39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan																	41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian																	46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian																	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean																	50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1															54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1															56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1															56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1															59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1															60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1															61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1															63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Wordian				Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian				Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian				Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian		303.7
						Khamovnikian		304.8
						Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian		307
						Podolskian		308.9 *
				Kashirian		311.4 *
				Vereian		313.8
				Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian		315.2
				Cheremshanian		316.9 *
				Prikamian		318.6 *
				Severokeltmian		319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
				Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
			Protvian	324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	330.9
			Mikhailovian	331.9 *
			Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
				Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
				Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Lockportian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian				Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Raikkula			439.4 *
				Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
							440.7 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju		Porkuni				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu					Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Vormsi				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
						Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
				Viru		Rakvere								450.6 *
						Rakvere					Cheneyan			451.5 *
						Oandu					Cheneyan			452 *
						Oandu					Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian				Keila							Idavere †	453
						Keila						Actonian †		453.2 *
						Haljala						Actonian †		453.9
												Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †			455.2 *
						Kukruse									456.4 *
											Aurelucian				456.8 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
						Uhaku						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
						Lasnamagi									458.9 *
						Aseri									460.4 *
						Aseri					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
				Oeland		Kunda									462.9 *
						Kunda							Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
						Volkhov									Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian														467.3
										Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
						Billingen										469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
													Latorp †			470.1 *
											Whitlandian					471.1 *
						Hunneberg					Whitlandian					473.7 *
											Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian								Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
											Cressagian					480.8 *
						Varangu										481.3 *
						Pakerort										482.2 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian														Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan														Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan														Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4															Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4																Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3																Dyeran	514
																		Montezuman	514.8 *
																		Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																	529
																				538.8