PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Britain				Permian of the Pamirs	Devonian Subages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Australia	Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian													0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian													0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan													0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan													0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian													1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian													4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian													12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
						Monroecreekian												23.1 *
						Geringian												24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian												27.82
				Rupelian														29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian													33.9
				Priabonian														37
				Bartonian														37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean													50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1											60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1											61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1											63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan			145
				Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan			150
															Heterian			154.5
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Callovian											Temaikan			164.3
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Toarcian										Herangi	Ururoan			176
				Pliensbachian											Ururoan			184.2
Aratauran				Pliensbachian				188.9
				Sinemurian				192.9
				Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour				Otapirian	201.4
			Norian					Warepan	208.5
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
			Carnian					Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore				Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian					Etalian	238
			Anisian					Etalian	242
			Anisian					Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
			Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville				Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian					Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Dzhulfian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	Dzhulfian	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian				Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian						Flettian	264.28
						Barettian			266
				Murgabian					266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian					273.01
				Kubergandian		Mangapirian			276
				Bolorian					279.8
			Artinskian						283.5
						Telfordian			285
				Yakhtashian		Telfordian			286
				Yakhtashian				288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian	Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian				Late Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian				Late Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian				Early Eifelian	Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Emsian				Early Emsian	Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian				Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Llanvirn							Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		458.4
		Darriwilian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *
		Dapingian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig							Fennian		468.4 *
Early Ordovician		Floian								Fennian		470
										Whitlandian		471.1 *
										Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc							Migneintian		477.7
										Cressagian		480.8 *
										Cressagian		Mansian †		483.55 *
												Mansian †		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Datsonian		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10										Payntonian					486.8 *
		Jiangshanian										Iverian					489.5
														Aksaian			490.7 *
					Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian				Idamean						494
		Paibian				Idamean						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan	Ayusokkanian									497
				Boomerangian	Ayusokkanian									499
				Boomerangian	Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian		Undillan										500.5
		Drumian		Floran										503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian	Amgan/Solvan									504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian										507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4												509
					Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
					Toyonian									510.8 *
					Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian									514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian									521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan	1375
																		1400