PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian Ages of Europe	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian							Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan							Middle Pleistocene					0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan							Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Early Pliocene					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene					15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene					23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian						Early Oligocene					27.82
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene					29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Late Eocene					33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene					37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene					37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							Early Eocene					47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Late Paleocene					56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Late Paleocene					56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1					Middle Paleocene					60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1					Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					Early Paleocene					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian							100.5
								Middle Albian							106.2 *
								Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian							113
		Aptian						Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian							139.8
								Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
								Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian	174.7
						Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
						Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.9 *
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †				298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
			Khamovnikian		304.8
			Krevyakinian		305.8 *
			Krevyakinian		305.9
		Moscovian	Myachkovian		307
			Podolskian		308.9 *
			Kashirian		311.4 *
			Vereian		313.8
			Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian		315.2
			Cheremshanian		316.9 *
			Prikamian		318.6 *
			Severokeltmian		319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
			Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		323.2
			Protvian		324.4 *
			Steshevian		326.8 *
			Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Venevian		330.9
			Mikhailovian		331.9 *
			Aleksinian		333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian			Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice						Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †							458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
										Dobrotivian			458.5 *
										Oretanian			459.7 *
						Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian								Arenigian		468
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids								497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8