PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of Germany	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6				0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian										0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian										0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Cenozoic 5				11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4				23.03
						Monroecreekian									23.1 *
						Geringian									24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian			Kekeamuan						27.82
				Rupelian					Kekeamuan						29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Cenozoic 3				33.9
				Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						37
				Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Cenozoic 2				41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bumbanian					47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Gashatan		Cenozoic 1				56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Gashatan						56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1								60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1								61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian							Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian							Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Cretaceous 4		Late Albian		100.5
													Middle Albian		106.2 *
													Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian							Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian		113
				Aptian							Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian							Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian							Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian									Late Berriasian		139.8
													Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
													Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian							Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian				157.9 *						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian								Late Bajocian	168.2
			Bajocian								Early Bajocian	168.6 *
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian								Late Toarcian	174.7
											Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
											Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
			Norian								Sevatian	208.5
											Alaunian	213.2 *
											Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Triassic 3							Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Triassic 3							Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2							Longobardian	237
			Ladinian								Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian								Illyrian	242
											Pelsonian	243.8 *
											Bithynian	244.7 *
											Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1							Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian								Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan			Dienerian					251.2
			Induan			Griesbachian					251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
			Wordian								264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
			Artinskian								283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5		Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian	Adorf	Devonian 4		Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Late Givetian		382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian	Eifelian			Late Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian	Eifelian			Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian		393.3
			Emsian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Early Emsian		398.3 *
			Pragian	Siegen	Devonian 1		Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine			Late Lochkovian		410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2		Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian				Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian				Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5			443.8
			Katian		Ordovician 5			445.2
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5			485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4			497
			Drumian		Cambrian 4			500.5
			Wuliuan		Cambrian 3			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3			509
		Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2			521
Fortunian		Terreneuvian	Cambrian 1		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian						Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						Karatau		1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan		1375
															1400