PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of China	Permian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene										0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian														1.4
		Gelasian												MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene							MN 16			2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene							MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene							MN 15			3.6
														MN 14			4.2
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian											MN 14			4.7
														MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene							MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian												MN 12			7.246
														MN 11			7.75
														MN 10			8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											MN 10			9.4
														MN 9			9.7
														MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene										11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian														12.5
														MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian												MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene							MN 4			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											MN 4			16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											MN 3			16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										MN 3			18.5
														MN 2			20
		Aquitanian												MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian												MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene										23.03
				Monroecreekian													23.1 *
				Geringian													24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian			Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene										33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene										37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene										37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan														39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan														41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian														46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene										47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean														50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene										56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene										56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene										60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene										61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Dorashamian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Dorashamian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Dzhulfian		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Dzhulfian		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Midian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Midian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian				Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian		Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
								Longlinian	285.4 *
						Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian				Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni		Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Pirgu				Gamachian	445.2
					Pirgu				Richmondian	446 *
					Vormsi				Richmondian	449.6 *
					Vormsi				Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Nabala				Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
					Nabala				Edenian			450.4 *
				Viru	Rakvere				Edenian			450.6 *
					Rakvere		Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			451.1 *
					Oandu							452 *
		Sandbian			Keila						Idavere †	453
					Keila				Turinian			453.7 *
					Haljala							453.9
					Kukruse							456.4 *
					Kukruse		Whiterockian			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
					Uhaku						Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku								458.4
					Lasnamagi								458.9 *
					Aseri								460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda								462.9 *
					Kunda						Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
					Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
									Rangerian					469.1 *
					Billingen				Rangerian					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian		Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
											Latorp †				470.1 *
					Hunneberg										473.7 *
									Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean						477.7
									Stairsian						480.3 *
					Varangu				Stairsian						481.3 *
					Varangu				Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
					Pakerort									Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																487.5
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian									Paibian					494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian					Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian				Guzhangian		Arcadian				498.4
		Drumian				Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Branchian		Duyunian				509
		Stage 3				Branchian		Nangaoian				514
		Stage 3				Placentian		Nangaoian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian				530.7
																	538.8