PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					2.58
		Zanclean					3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					5.333
		Tortonian					7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian					13.82
		Burdigalian					15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					23.03
				Monroecreekian			23.1 *
				Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian					29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian					37
		Bartonian					37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian					72.1
		Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					100.5
		Aptian					113
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
							305.9