PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of North America	Silurian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian									0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian									0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan									0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
						Monroecreekian								23.1 *
						Geringian								24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian								27.82
				Rupelian										29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
				Priabonian										37
				Bartonian										37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1							60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1							61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian										208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian	Wordian				264.28
			Roadian	Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian					Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan			321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian			323.2
			Serpukhovian			Shangsian			330.8 *
			Visean			Shangsian			330.9
			Visean			Jiusian			335 *
			Tournaisian			Tangbagouan			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan				419.2
		Pridoli			Niagaran				422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian		433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
										440.7 *
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	497
			Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							Branchian	Early Cambrian	509
			Stage 3							Branchian		514
			Stage 3							Placentian		517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400