PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Australia	Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian											0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian											0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan											0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian										27.82
		Rupelian												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian												37
		Bartonian												37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1									59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1									60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1									61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Senonian	66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian					Gallic	100.5
								Middle Albian						106.2 *
								Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian						113
		Aptian						Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian						139.8
								Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
								Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian	174.7
						Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
						Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian		Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian	283.5					Hessian
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian			Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian				Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun					305.8 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
					Huashibanian					318.5 *
					Lousuan					321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Serpukhovian			Shangsian			Late Mississippian		330.8 *
		Visean			Shangsian			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Visean			Jiusian			Middle Mississippian		335 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian		Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10									Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian									Iverian	489.5
		Paibian									Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian		Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian	499
		Drumian									Undillan	500.5
		Drumian									Floran	503
		Wuliuan									Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan									Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian		Ordian	509
		Stage 4										510.8 *
		Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8