PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Ordovician of China			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean						Wanganui	Haweran		0
				Meghalayan					Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian													0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean									0.014
				Chibanian					Rancholabrean									0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian									0.21
																Castlecliffian		0.34
				Calabrian														0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian				Blancan									1.4
																Nukumaruan		1.63
				Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
				Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian		2.58
				Piacenzian												Waipipian		3
				Zanclean												Waipipian		3.6
																Opoitian		3.7
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Hemphillian							Opoitian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
				Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
				Tortonian													Pannonian	7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian									9.4
															Southland	Waiauan		11.04
				Serravallian													Sarmatian	11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Barstovian								Sarmatian	12.5
																	Badenian	12.8 *
																Lillburnian	Badenian	13.05
				Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
																Clifdenian		15.1
															Pareora	Altonian		15.9
				Burdigalian														15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian									16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			Arikareean									18.5
																Otaian		18.7
				Aquitanian												Otaian		20.44
				Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
						Monroecreekian												23.1 *
						Geringian												24.7 *
																Duntroonian		25.2
																Whaingaroan		27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
									Whitneyan									29.5
									Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Chadronian									33.9
															Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																Kaiatan		36.7
									Duchesnean									37
				Bartonian														37.71
																Bortonian		39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian														41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																Heretaungan		45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian														47.8
																Mangaorapan		48.9
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian							Mangaorapan		50.5
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian							Waipawan		52
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian							Waipawan		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian							Teurian		56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian									56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian									59.2
To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian			Selandian			60.9
To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian			Danian			61.6
Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan			Danian			63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
			Campanian							Haumurian	72.1
			Santonian							Piripauan	83.6
			Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
			Coniacian								86.3
			Turonian								89.8
										Mangaotanean	90.5
										Arowhanan	93.7
			Cenomanian							Arowhanan	93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
										Motuan	99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic		Motuan	100.5
										Urutawan	103.3
									Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian							Korangan	113
			Aptian								117.5
			Barremian								121.4
			Hauterivian					Neocomian			125.77
			Valanginian								132.6
			Berriasian								139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
			Kimmeridgian								149.2
			Oxfordian								154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
			Bathonian								165.3
			Bajocian								168.2
			Aalenian								170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
			Pliensbachian								184.2
			Sinemurian								192.9
			Hettangian								199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
			Norian								208.5
			Carnian								227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
			Induan								251.2
			Induan								Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Kathwai	251.902
											252.4 *
						Chhidru					252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian			Chhidru					254.14
						Kalabagh					255 *
						Wargal					256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian								Wordian	264.28
												265.3 *
						Amb						266.1 *
			Roadian			Amb					Roadian	266.9
			Roadian								Roadian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian									Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian									Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
			Kasimovian									303.7
			Moscovian									307
			Bashkirian									315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
			Visean									330.9
			Tournaisian									346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou			Wufeng †		443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †		445.2
			Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								449.5
			Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
			Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian					470
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian					477.7
								Lianghekou †	477.9 *
								Lianghekou †	Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian				489.5
									Aksaian				490.7 *
									Sakian				492.2 *
			Paibian										494
			Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian				497
			Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian				499.5
			Drumian						Mayan/Menevian				500.5
			Wuliuan						Amgan/Solvan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Amgan/Solvan				509
									Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
									Botomian				512.5 *
Stage 3			514						Botomian
Stage 3			Atdabanian							515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian						Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †			Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †			Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635