PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian				Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian							16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian										27.82
							Whitneyan							29.5
							Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian							47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian							50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai		251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru		Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
						Kalabagh				255 *
						Wargal				256 *
										Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian	Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian						Urzhumian					264.28
													265.3 *
						Amb							266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb		Kazanian		Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian						Kazanian		Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
										Filipovian			276.5 *
										Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian				Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian				Shikhanian		293.52
								Uskalykian		294.8
								Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian								Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian							307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian							323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian							330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian										358.9
			Middle Famennian										365.3 *
			Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		372.2
			Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
			Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian		382.7
			Middle Givetian		383.7 *
			Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan				489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †		Marjumian				Albertian †		497
		Drumian					Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran	514
												Montezuman	514.8 *
						Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8