PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127493 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian						Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene		0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene		2.58
				Zanclean							Early Pliocene		3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene		11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian							Early Miocene		15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene		23.03
						Monroecreekian							23.1 *
						Geringian							24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian					Early Oligocene		27.82
				Rupelian							Early Oligocene		29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Late Eocene		33.9
				Priabonian							Late Eocene		37
				Bartonian							Middle Eocene		37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene		47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Late Paleocene		56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene		56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene		60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene		61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian			66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic			100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian						Neocomian			125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
				Norian									208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Vokhmian				247.2
			Induan					251.2
			Induan					Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian	Zechstein				Chhidru	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
								Kalabagh				255 *
								Wargal				256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
			Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
												265.3 *
								Amb				266.1 *
			Roadian					Amb	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
			Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian								283.5
			Sakmarian									290.1
			Asselian									293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
			Guzhangian			Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian	509
			Stage 3			Branchian	514
			Stage 3			Placentian	517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian								Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau	1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan	1375
													1400