PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian							0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
									Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian								0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
									Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian		Mangapanian	2.58
							Villanyian		Waipipian	3
							Ruscinian			3.1 *
		Zanclean								3.6
									Opoitian	3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian								7.246
							Vallesian			8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
								Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian					Astaracian			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
									Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian	13.82
									Clifdenian	15.1
								Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian					Orleanian			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
									Otaian	18.7
							Agenian			20
		Aquitanian								20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
				Monroecreekian						23.1 *
				Geringian						24.7 *
									Duntroonian	25.2
									Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian								27.82
		Rupelian								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
								Arnold	Runangan	34.6
									Kaiatan	36.7
										37
		Bartonian								37.71
									Bortonian	39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian								41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
									Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian								47.8
									Mangaorapan	48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata		Haumurian	66
		Campanian						Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara		Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence		Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai		Korangan	108.4
		Aptian						Korangan	113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28			Midian
		Wordian		Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian	Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju		Porkuni			443.8
		Katian			Pirgu			445.2
					Vormsi			449.6 *
					Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
			Viru		Rakvere				450.6 *
					Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian			Keila	Idavere †		453
					Haljala			453.9
					Kukruse			456.4 *
					Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku			458.4
					Lasnamagi			458.9 *
					Aseri			460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
					Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
					Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
						Latorp †			470.1 *
					Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg				477.7
					Varangu				481.3 *
					Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort				485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							486.3 *
										486.5