PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Pamirs	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian													0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian													0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan													0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan													0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian													1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian													4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian													11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian													16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Monroecreekian												23.1 *
				Geringian												24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian												27.82
		Rupelian														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian													33.9
		Priabonian														37
		Bartonian														37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian													47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean													50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1											56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1											59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1											60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1											61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian		113
		Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
														Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
														Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian	174.7
						Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
						Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian		Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian		Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian		Midian		Leine		264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian		Leine		266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian				273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Asselian	Kuzel				297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C				300.3 *
					Stephanian B				300.9 *
					Stephanian A				301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A				303.7
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian				305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D				307.4 *
					Westphalian C				309.8
					Westphalian B				314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
					Westphalian A				317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian				318.8 *
					Marsdenian				320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
					Alportian				322 *
					Chokierian				323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian			Late Mississippian	323.2
					Arnsbergian				324 *
					Pendleian				327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †			Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †				336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian				340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian				Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian				Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian		358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian		372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian		382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian		410.8
								Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †			Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
						Aksaian							490.7 *
						Sakian							492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian	494
		Paibian	Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian							494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian			Lenian †						510 *
			Toyonian							Dyeran		511 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3										514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
			Atdabanian							Montezuman		515.6 *
			Atdabanian							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †						529
																538.8