PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127472 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian								Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian								Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan								Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
						Monroecreekian								23.1 *
						Geringian								24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian							Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian									Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian									Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian									Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Early Eocene	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1						Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1						Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Senonian		66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								Gallic		100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian								Neocomian		125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian										208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Vokhmian				247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	Vokhmian				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
			Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Zechstein	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Zechstein	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian				Povolzhian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian				Sokian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
								Filipovian			276.5 *
								Saraninian			280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian				Sarginian		Autunian	283.5
								Irginian			285.9 *
								Burtsevian			287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian			290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian				Tastubian			291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian				Shikhanian			293.52
								Uskalykian			294.8
								Surenian			297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare					419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma					421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian		Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani		433.4
			Telychian		Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
			Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian							Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian			Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan				Topazan					504.5
			Wuliuan				Delamaran					506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Waucoban †				Delamaran			Branchian	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran				514
							Montezuman				514.8 *
							Montezuman			Placentian	517.1
							Begadean				519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2									521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400