PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian													Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian													Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan													Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan														0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian														1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian														4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian														9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian														11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian														12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian														16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian													18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
				Monroecreekian													23.1 *
				Geringian													24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian													27.82
		Rupelian															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian														33.9
		Priabonian															37
		Bartonian															37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan														39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan														41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian														46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian														47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean														50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1												56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1												56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1												59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1												60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1												61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan						Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian						Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian						Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian					Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
		Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian					Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian					Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian							470
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian							477.7
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian						Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																	538.8