PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		23.03
				Monroecreekian						23.1 *
				Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian				Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Early Eocene		47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian				100.5
						Middle Albian				106.2 *
						Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian				113
		Aptian				Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian				139.8
						Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
						Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian			174.7
						Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
						Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian				Sevatian			208.5
						Alaunian			213.2 *
						Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian			227
		Carnian				Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian			237
		Ladinian				Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian			242
						Pelsonian			243.8 *
						Bithynian			244.7 *
						Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian			315.2
			Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian		330.9
		Visean	Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
										538.8