PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †				Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian				Pannonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian				Sarmatian	Middle Miocene	11.63
			Barstovian				Sarmatian		12.5
							Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene	15.98
			Hemingfordian						16.3
			Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene	27.82
			Whitneyan						29.5
			Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean					Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean					Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian					Early Eocene	47.8
			Wasatchian						50.5
			Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian					Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian					Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian					Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian					Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian					Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Puercan					Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
									509