PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean					0.129
			Irvingtonian					0.21
				Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian						0.774
			Blancan					1.4
				Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan				3.6
				Montehermosan				3.7 *
			Hemphillian	Montehermosan				4.7
				Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
				Chasicoan				7.9 *
			Clarendonian	Chasicoan				9.4
				Mayoan				9.9 *
				Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian						11.63
			Barstovian					12.5
				Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian		Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian				15.98
				Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Hemingfordian	Santacrucian				16.3
			Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
			Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan		27.82
				Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Whitneyan					29.5
			Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
			Chadronian	Divisaderan				35.9 *
			Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian						41.2
				Mustersan				41.9 *
			Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian	47.8
				Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Wasatchian					50.5
			Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Riochican		Gashatan		56
			Tiffanian	Riochican				56.2
				Itaboraian				56.9 *
				Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian						59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian						61.6
				Tiupampan				62.4 *
			Puercan	Tiupampan				63.8
								66