PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127684 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean													0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene						0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene						0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian											Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Pannonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene			Sarmatian			11.63
			Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Sarmatian			12.5
													Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene						15.98
			Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
			Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene						23.03
					Monroecreekian											23.1 *
					Geringian											24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian					Early Oligocene						27.82
			Whitneyan													29.5
			Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Late Eocene						33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean							Late Eocene						37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean							Middle Eocene						37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene						47.8
			Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												50.5
			Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Late Paleocene						56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene						56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene						60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian	Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Oteke	Puaroan				145
		Kimmeridgian									Oteke	Puaroan				149.2
											Kawhia	Ohauan				150
												Heterian				154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian						Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian						Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian						Warepan	208.5
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
		Carnian						Oretian	227
		Carnian					Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian						Etalian	238
		Anisian						Etalian	242
		Anisian						Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian	249
		Induan						Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan					DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian						Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			264.28			Flettian
		Wordian			Barettian			266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian			283.5
					Telfordian			285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Chotec	Southwoodian		Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian	Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort			Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
												Payntonian		486.8 *
												Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Idamean		Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian										Boomerangian			499
		Drumian										Undillan			500.5
		Drumian										Floran			503
		Wuliuan										Templetonian	Topazan		504.5
												Templetonian	Delamaran		506.5
												Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Waucoban †		509					Ordian
												510.8 *
												Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran	514
												Montezuman	514.8 *
												Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																538.8