PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128253 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of China	Permian of the Russian Platform	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene		Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean						Late Pleistocene					0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean						Middle Pleistocene					0.129
			Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
											Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene					0.774
			Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
											Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene		Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian							Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan			3.6
											Montehermosan			3.7 *
			Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Montehermosan			4.7
											Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian											Pannonian	7.246
											Chasicoan			7.9 *
			Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Chasicoan			9.4
											Mayoan			9.9 *
											Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene				Sarmatian	11.63
			Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									Sarmatian	12.5
													Badenian	12.8 *
											Colloncuran		Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian									Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian									Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene		Friasian			15.98
											Santacrucian			16.2 *
			Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Santacrucian			16.3
			Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
			Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene					23.03
					Monroecreekian									23.1 *
					Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene					27.82
											Tinguirirican			28.9 *
			Whitneyan											29.5
			Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene					33.9
			Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Divisaderan			35.9 *
			Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean						Middle Eocene					37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
											Mustersan			41.9 *
			Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene					47.8
											Casamayoran			47.9 *
			Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
			Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene		Riochican			56
			Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Riochican			56.2
											Itaboraian			56.9 *
											Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene					60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene					61.6
							Tiupampan	62.4 *
			Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian	66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic	100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian						Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	254.14
									Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
									Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan		Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian		Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian								Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian								Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
											Filipovian	276.5 *
					Saraninian						280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian					Sarginian	283.5
									Longlinian	Sarginian	285.4 *
										Irginian	285.9 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian					Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian					Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Zisongian				Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
														300.1