PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain				Permian of the Salt Range	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean									0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian									0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian									0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan									1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian									Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian									4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian									Turolian	7.246
													Vallesian	8.7
					Clarendonian								Vallesian	9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian								Astaracian	11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian									Orleanian	15.98
					Hemingfordian									16.3
					Arikareean									18.5
													Agenian	20
				Aquitanian									Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
				Rupelian		Kekeamuan								27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian		Bumbanian							47.8
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Gashatan								56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian	Gashatan								56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian									59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian									60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian									61.6
				Danian	Puercan									63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
			Induan	251.2
			Induan	Kathwai				251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai				251.902
								252.4 *
				Chhidru				252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian	Chhidru				254.14
				Kalabagh				255 *
				Wargal				256 *
								Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian						Urzhumian	264.28
										265.3 *
				Amb						266.1 *
			Roadian	Amb				Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
									Filipovian	276.5 *
									Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
									Irginian	285.9 *
									Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian	Bursumian †	293.52
									Uskalykian		294.8
									Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian							Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian				307			Desmoinesian
			Moscovian				Atokan			312.7 *
			Bashkirian			315.2	Atokan
			Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
					Middle Famennian					365.3 *
					Early Famennian					368.5 *
			Frasnian		Late Frasnian		Adorf			372.2
					Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
					Early Frasnian					379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian		Givetian			382.7
					Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian					385.9 *
			Eifelian		Late Eifelian		Eifelian			387.7
			Eifelian		Early Eifelian		Eifelian			390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian		Emsian			393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian		Emsian			398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian		Siegen			407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
Cautleyan											448.9 *
Pusgillian											449.3 *
Caradoc										Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian									453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Llanvirn							Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
Early Ordovician		Floian		Fennian						470
				Whitlandian						471.1 *
				Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian						480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian								Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau			1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian				1200				Yurmatian
		Ectasian				Burzyan				1375
														1400