PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean													0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian			Sheridanian			Lujanian					Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	Tarantian												0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean	Ionian												0.129
			Irvingtonian				Cudahyan/Sappan									0.21
										Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian														0.774
			Blancan				Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian								Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean				Villanyian	Yushean	2.58
										Chapadmalalan				Villanyian		2.9 *
														Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
										Montehermosan						3.7 *
			Hemphillian				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan						4.7
										Huayquerian					Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
										Chasicoan						7.9 *
														Vallesian		8.7
			Clarendonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
										Mayoan						9.9 *
										Laventan						10.9 *
															Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian												Astaracian		11.63
			Barstovian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
										Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian								Colloncuran					Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian								Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian								Friasian				Orleanian		15.98
										Santacrucian						16.2 *
			Hemingfordian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
															Xiejiaan	16.9
										Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
			Arikareean				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
														Agenian		20
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian								Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian										23.03
								Monroecreekian								23.1 *
								Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan											27.82
										Tinguirirican						28.9 *
			Whitneyan													29.5
			Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									33.9
			Chadronian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan						35.9 *
			Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan											37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
										Mustersan						41.9 *
			Bridgerian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian										47.8
										Casamayoran						47.9 *
			Wasatchian				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
			Clarkforkian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican						56
			Tiffanian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican						56.2
										Itaboraian						56.9 *
										Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian						To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian										61.6
										Tiupampan		62.4 *
			Puercan						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian								100.5
				Middle Albian								106.2 *
				Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian							113
		Aptian		Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian							139.8
				Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
				Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian							Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian							Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian								174.7
				Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
				Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian		Sevatian								208.5
				Alaunian								213.2 *
				Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian								227
		Carnian		Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian								237
		Ladinian		Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian				251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian		443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
			Dobrotivian					458.5 *
			Oretanian					459.7 *
					Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
																538.8