PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cambrian of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	Tarantian										0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean	Ionian										0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian	Ionian										0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian											0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan											1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian											4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian											9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian											11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian											12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
					Hemingfordian											16.3
					Arikareean											18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian											33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean											37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian											47.8
					Wasatchian											50.5
					Clarkforkian											54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian											56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian											56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian											59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian											60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian											61.6
				Danian	Puercan											63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian	Midian		264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian		273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian	Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian		443.8
			Katian			Bolindian		445.2
						Eastonian		449 *
						Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian			Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian			Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian			Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian		470
						Bendigonian		471.8 *
						Lancefieldian		473.5 *
			Tremadocian			Lancefieldian		477.7
			Tremadocian			Warendian		482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10						Festiniogian	Niuchehean		489.2 *
			Jiangshanian						Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
			Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
			Paibian							Paibian		494
			Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai		Duyunian		509
Stage 3		Series 2	Nangaoian							514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian							530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan										1375
																1400