PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of North America			European Faunal Units	Permian of the Russian Platform	Devonian Subages	Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean		Late Pleistocene								0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean		Middle Pleistocene								0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian		Middle Pleistocene								0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian		Early Pleistocene								0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan										1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				Villanyian				2.58
				Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				Ruscinian				3.1 *
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene								3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian		Early Pliocene								4.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene				Turolian				5.333
				Tortonian							Turolian				7.246
											Vallesian				8.7
					Clarendonian						Vallesian				9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian		Middle Miocene				Astaracian				11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian										12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene				Orleanian				15.98
					Hemingfordian										16.3
					Arikareean										18.5
											Agenian				20
				Aquitanian							Agenian				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene								23.03
				Rupelian			Early Oligocene								27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Late Eocene								33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean		Late Eocene								37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean		Middle Eocene								37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan										41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian										46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian		Early Eocene								47.8
					Wasatchian										50.5
					Clarkforkian										54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Late Paleocene								56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian		Late Paleocene								56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian		Middle Paleocene								59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene								60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian		Early Paleocene								61.6
				Danian	Puercan		Early Paleocene								63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Tatarian		Vyatkian		256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian		259.51
			Wordian			Urzhumian		264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian		Shikhanian		Bursumian †	293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
			Visean					Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
								Middle Famennian			365.3 *
								Early Famennian			368.5 *
			Frasnian		Late Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
					Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian		Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
			Eifelian		Late Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian		Early Eifelian		Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian		Emsian	393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian		Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan					419.2
		Pridoli			Niagaran					422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan					Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
Dapingian		Middle Ordovician	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian									485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian									497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian		Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan		1375
															1400