PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of China		Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
			Hemphillian											4.7
													Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Clarendonian											9.4
													Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian												11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian											Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
			Hemingfordian											16.3
			Hemingfordian										Xiejiaan	16.9
			Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
			Whitneyan											29.5
			Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian											47.8
			Wasatchian											50.5
			Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian	Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian		Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian					443.8
		Katian	Bolindian					445.2
			Eastonian					449 *
			Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian	Gisbornian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian					467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian					470
			Bendigonian					471.8 *
			Lancefieldian					473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian					477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian					482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10						Niuchehean			Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian			Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian						Paibian				494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian					Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	St Davids		497
		Drumian						Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian					Duyunian		Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3						Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian				530.7
														538.8