PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Salt Range	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cambrian of China		Ordovician of China			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean													0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean													0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean													0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian													0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian													0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan													1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian													4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian													11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
			Hemingfordian													16.3
			Arikareean													18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
			Whitneyan													29.5
			Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian													33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean													37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian													47.8
			Wasatchian													50.5
			Clarkforkian													54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian													56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian													56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian													59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian													60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian													61.6
		Danian	Puercan													63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan											150
					Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian			Oretian	227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		Zechstein	254.14
					Puruhauan			254.2
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
					Barettian			266
						Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb		266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian		Autunian	283.5
					Telfordian			285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian							Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian			Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	Ungurian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian	489.5
														Aksaian	490.7 *
														Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian							Paibian						494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian					494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †				Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian							Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian							Drumian					Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian							Drumian					Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian					Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian						505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian						509
														Toyonian	510 *
														Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3							Nangaoian					Botomian	514
		Stage 3							Nangaoian					Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian					Tommotian	521
		Stage 2													525.5
		Fortunian													529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian						530.7
																538.8