PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of China			Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran									0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene								0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene								0.129
					Irvingtonian											0.21
							Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian				Early Pleistocene								0.774
					Blancan											1.4
							Nukumaruan									1.63
				Gelasian			Nukumaruan									1.8
				Gelasian			Mangapanian									2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian	Late Pliocene								2.58
				Piacenzian			Waipipian	Late Pliocene								3
				Zanclean			Waipipian	Early Pliocene								3.6
							Opoitian									3.7
					Hemphillian		Opoitian									4.7
			Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene								5.333
				Messinian			Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
					Clarendonian											9.4
						Southland	Waiauan									11.04
				Serravallian				Middle Miocene								11.63
					Barstovian											12.5
							Lillburnian									13.05
				Langhian			Lillburnian									13.82
							Clifdenian									15.1
						Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian				Early Miocene								15.98
					Hemingfordian											16.3
					Arikareean											18.5
							Otaian									18.7
				Aquitanian			Otaian									20.44
				Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian									21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian	Late Oligocene								23.03
							Duntroonian									25.2
							Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian				Early Oligocene								27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian			Late Eocene								33.9
						Arnold	Runangan									34.6
							Kaiatan									36.7
					Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian				Middle Eocene								37.71
							Bortonian									39.1
					Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian												41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
							Heretaungan									45.7
					Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian				Early Eocene								47.8
							Mangaorapan									48.9
					Wasatchian		Mangaorapan									50.5
					Wasatchian		Waipawan									52
					Clarkforkian		Waipawan									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Teurian	Late Paleocene								56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian			Late Paleocene								56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian			Middle Paleocene								59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene								60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian			Early Paleocene								61.6
				Danian	Puercan			Early Paleocene								63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian			Korangan		113
			Aptian					117.5
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian					125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					168.2
			Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian					Chotec	Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian			390.3 *	Chotec
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian			Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian			Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian			Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Kralodvorian		449.5
										Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian									453
					Zahorany †/Vinice							Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †								458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
										Dobrotivian			458.5 *
										Oretanian			459.7 *
					Sarka †								461.7 *
					Sarka †			Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
			Dapingian		Dapingian	Klabava †							467.3
			Dapingian		Dapingian					Arenigian			468
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian					Arenigian			470
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian	Tremadocian							477.7
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian	Tremadocian			Lianghekou †				477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
			Jiangshanian										489.5
			Paibian										494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan										504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																1400