PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Silurian of England
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran					0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean							0.129
					Irvingtonian							0.21
							Castlecliffian					0.34
				Calabrian								0.774
					Blancan							1.4
							Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian			Nukumaruan		MN 17			1.8
				Gelasian			Mangapanian		MN 17			2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian		MN 16			2.58
							Waipipian		MN 16			3
									MN 15			3.2
				Zanclean								3.6
							Opoitian					3.7
									MN 14			4.2
					Hemphillian				MN 14			4.7
									MN 13			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
				Messinian			Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian					MN 12			7.246
									MN 11			7.75
									MN 10			8.7
					Clarendonian				MN 10			9.4
									MN 9			9.7
						Southland	Waiauan		MN 9			11.04
									MN 7 + 8			11.1
				Serravallian								11.63
					Barstovian							12.5
									MN 6			12.8 *
							Lillburnian		MN 6			13.05
				Langhian			Lillburnian		MN 5			13.82
							Clifdenian					15.1
						Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian					MN 4			15.98
					Hemingfordian				MN 4			16.3
					Hemingfordian				MN 3			16.9
					Arikareean							18.5
							Otaian					18.7
									MN 2			20
				Aquitanian								20.44
						Landon	Waitakian					21.7
									MN 1			22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
							Duntroonian					25.2
							Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian								27.82
					Whitneyan							29.5
					Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian							33.9
						Arnold	Runangan					34.6
							Kaiatan					36.7
					Duchesnean							37
				Bartonian								37.71
							Bortonian					39.1
					Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian								41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
							Heretaungan					45.7
					Bridgerian							46.2
Ypresian	47.8
	Mangaorapan			48.9
	Mangaorapan			Wasatchian	50.5
	Waipawan			Wasatchian	52
	Waipawan			Clarkforkian	54.9
Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
	Thanetian			Tiffanian	56.2
	Selandian			Tiffanian	59.2
	Selandian			Torrejonian	60.9
	Danian			Torrejonian	61.6
	Danian			Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	Senonian	66
			Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	Gallic	100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian			Korangan		113
			Aptian					117.5
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian				Neocomian	125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					168.2
			Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
			Induan					251.2
			Induan					Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
									265.3 *
								Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian					Amb	266.9
			Roadian						270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian	Wych					Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian			438.5
			Aeronian	Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian			Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian				Arcadian			498.4
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan		Topazan					504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran					506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †			509
			Stage 4		Dyeran					511 *
			Stage 3		Dyeran					514
					Montezuman					514.8 *
Placentian					Montezuman	517.1
					Begadean	519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian						1800
		Rhyacian						2050
		Siderian						2300
Archean	Neoarchean							2500
	Mesoarchean							2800
	Paleoarchean							3200
	Eoarchean							3600
Hadean								4000
												4600