PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian					0.0042
		Greenlandian					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					2.58
		Zanclean					3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					5.333
		Tortonian					7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian					13.82
		Burdigalian					15.98
			Hemingfordian				16.3
			Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					23.03
		Rupelian					27.82
			Whitneyan				29.5
			Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian				47.8
			Wasatchian				50.5
			Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian	Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian		66
		Campanian					72.1
		Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic		100.5
		Aptian					113
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
							419.2