PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Ten Million Year Bins	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean				Cenozoic 6									0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean													0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean													0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean													0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian													0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian													0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan													1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Yushean	Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
					Hemphillian													4.7
															Baodean			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
					Clarendonian													9.4
															Tunggurian			11.1
				Serravallian					Cenozoic 5									11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian													12.5
				Langhian											Shanwangian			13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
					Hemingfordian													16.3
					Hemingfordian										Xiejiaan			16.9
					Arikareean													18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4									23.03
				Rupelian														27.82
					Whitneyan													29.5
					Orellan													31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian				Cenozoic 3									33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean													37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean													37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan													39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan				Cenozoic 2									41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian													46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian													47.8
					Wasatchian													50.5
					Clarkforkian													54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian				Cenozoic 1									56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian													56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian													59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian													60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian													61.6
				Danian	Puercan													63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8									66
				Campanian					Cretaceous 7									72.1
				Santonian					Cretaceous 6									83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4									100.5
				Aptian					Cretaceous 3									113
				Barremian					Cretaceous 2									121.4
				Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2									125.77
				Valanginian					Cretaceous 1									132.6
				Berriasian					Cretaceous 1									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6	Oteke	Puaroan							145
				Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5	Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan							150
											Heterian							154.5
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
Temaikan				Callovian		164.3
				Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
				Bajocian		Jurassic 4	168.2
				Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
Herangi				Toarcian			Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian		Jurassic 1		192.9
				Hettangian		Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian				Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
			Carnian	Triassic 3			Oretian	227
			Carnian	Triassic 3		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian				Etalian	238
			Anisian				Etalian	242
			Anisian				Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
			Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Makarewan	Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian	Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian				Flettian			264.28
							Barettian			266
								Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian	Permian 3				Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Kubergandian		273.01
							Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
								Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian							283.5
							Telfordian			285
							Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
								Yakhtashian		288.5
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1				Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian				Carboniferous 5			298.9
			Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian				Carboniferous 5			303.7
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian				Carboniferous 4			307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian				Carboniferous 4			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	Carboniferous 2			330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			393.3
			Pragian		Devonian 1			407.6
			Lochkovian		Devonian 1			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian					Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			Jaani			433.4
			Telychian					Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru			441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5						443.8
			Katian		Ordovician 5						445.2
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean						Taoyuanian †	Cambrian 5	485.4
			Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian		Paibian								494
			Paibian		Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	Cambrian 4	Series 3 †	497
			Drumian		Drumian						Wangcunian †	Cambrian 4		500.5
			Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian						Cambrian 3	Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian						Cambrian 3			509
		Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian						Cambrian 2			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian						Cambrian 2			521
Fortunian			Cambrian 1		Meishucunian						529
Fortunian			Cambrian 1		Jinnigian						530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635