PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		European Faunal Units	Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian Subages	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									Wanganui	Haweran	0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
					Irvingtonian											0.21
															Castlecliffian	0.34
				Calabrian												0.774
					Blancan											1.4
															Nukumaruan	1.63
				Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
				Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian							Mangapanian	2.58
								Villanyian							Waipipian	3
								Ruscinian								3.1 *
				Zanclean												3.6
															Opoitian	3.7
					Hemphillian										Opoitian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Turolian						Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
				Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
								Vallesian								8.7
					Clarendonian											9.4
														Southland	Waiauan	11.04
				Serravallian				Astaracian								11.63
					Barstovian											12.5
															Lillburnian	13.05
				Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
															Clifdenian	15.1
														Pareora	Altonian	15.9
				Burdigalian				Orleanian								15.98
					Hemingfordian											16.3
					Arikareean											18.5
															Otaian	18.7
								Agenian								20
				Aquitanian												20.44
				Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		Waitakian	23.03
															Duntroonian	25.2
															Whaingaroan	27.3
				Rupelian								MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian							MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
														Arnold	Runangan	34.6
															Kaiatan	36.7
					Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian								MP 16				37.71
															Bortonian	39.1
					Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian								MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
															Heretaungan	45.7
					Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian								MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
															Mangaorapan	48.9
					Wasatchian										Mangaorapan	50.5
					Wasatchian										Waipawan	52
					Clarkforkian										Waipawan	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian							MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Teurian	56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian							MP 6				56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian											59.2
Torrejonian	60.9			Selandian
Torrejonian	Danian			61.6
Puercan	Danian			63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian				Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian				Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian						86.3
			Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean		90.5
							Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian				Arowhanan		93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
							Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan		100.5
							Urutawan		103.3
						Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian				Korangan		113
			Aptian						117.5
			Barremian						121.4
			Hauterivian						125.77
			Valanginian						132.6
			Berriasian						139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
			Kimmeridgian						149.2
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
			Bathonian						165.3
			Bajocian						168.2
			Aalenian						170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
			Pliensbachian						184.2
			Sinemurian						192.9
			Hettangian						199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
			Wuchiapingian					254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian						Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
									Filipovian	276.5 *
									Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
									Irginian	285.9 *
									Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
									Uskalykian	294.8
									Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian	358.9
				Middle Famennian	365.3 *
				Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
				Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
				Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian		Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni			443.8
			Katian				Pirgu			445.2
							Vormsi			449.6 *
							Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
							Oandu				452 *
			Sandbian				Keila			Idavere †	453
Haljala							453.9
Kukruse							456.4 *
Uhaku							Aluoja †			457.5 *
Uhaku		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
Lasnamagi										458.9 *
Aseri										460.4 *
Oeland						Kunda				462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
						Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian			Volkhov					467.3
			Dapingian			Billingen					469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian								470
							Latorp †				470.1 *
						Hunneberg					473.7 *
			Tremadocian			Hunneberg					477.7
						Varangu					481.3 *
						Pakerort					482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort					485.4
								486.3 *
								486.5
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635