PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of the Pamirs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean										0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian										0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian										0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan										1.4
				Gelasian						MN 17					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						MN 16			Yushean	Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian						MN 15					3.2
				Zanclean						MN 15					3.6
										MN 14					4.2
					Hemphillian					MN 14					4.7
										MN 13			Baodean		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian						MN 13					5.333
				Tortonian						MN 12					7.246
										MN 11					7.75
										MN 10					8.7
					Clarendonian					MN 10					9.4
										MN 9					9.7
										MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian		11.1
				Serravallian											11.63
					Barstovian										12.5
										MN 6					12.8 *
				Langhian						MN 5			Shanwangian		13.82
				Burdigalian						MN 4					15.98
					Hemingfordian					MN 4					16.3
					Hemingfordian					MN 3			Xiejiaan		16.9
					Arikareean					MN 3					18.5
										MN 2					20
				Aquitanian						MN 2					20.44
				Aquitanian						MN 1					22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian										33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean										37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean										37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan										41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian										46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian										47.8
					Wasatchian										50.5
					Clarkforkian										54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian										56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian										56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian										59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian										60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian										61.6
				Danian	Puercan										63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			259.51
			Wordian	Midian			264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian			266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian			273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Asselian			293.52
			Asselian	Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †			Kuzel		298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
										305.9
			Moscovian							307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian		Brigantian †		330.9
					Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian				346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian				353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
			Telychian						Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †			497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635