PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Precambrian of Russia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean												0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean												0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean												0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian												0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian												0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan												1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †										2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian												4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian												9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian												11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian												12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
					Hemingfordian												16.3
					Arikareean												18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
					Whitneyan												29.5
					Orellan												31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian												33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean												37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean												37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan												41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian												46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian												47.8
					Wasatchian												50.5
					Clarkforkian												54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian												56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian												56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian												59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian												60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian												61.6
				Danian	Puercan												63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian					66
				Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian			Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian			Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian		Cathedralian		273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian					Hessian		283.5
			Artinskian			Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian		290.1
			Asselian					Nealian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
			Pragian							Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian		427.4
			Homerian								Whitwellian		429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
			Aeronian										438.5
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju		Porkuni						443.8
			Katian				Pirgu						445.2
							Vormsi					449.6 *
							Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
					Viru		Rakvere						450.6 *
							Oandu						452 *
			Sandbian				Keila					Idavere †	453
							Haljala						453.9
							Kukruse						456.4 *
							Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku						458.4
							Lasnamagi						458.9 *
							Aseri						460.4 *
					Oeland		Kunda						462.9 *
							Kunda					Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian				Volkhov							467.3
			Dapingian				Billingen							469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
												Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg							473.7 *
			Tremadocian				Hunneberg							477.7
							Varangu							481.3 *
							Pakerort							482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort							485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	497
Drumian			500.5
Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4												509
Series 2		Stage 3												514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2												521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan		1375
																	1400