PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean								Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian								Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian								Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan									1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian								Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian								Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
					Hemingfordian									16.3
					Arikareean									18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian			Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene	27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian			Bumbanian					Early Eocene	47.8
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Gashatan						Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian		Gashatan						Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian								Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian								Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian								Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian	Puercan								Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian								66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic								100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian		Neocomian								125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian					259.51
			Wordian	Midian					264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian					266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian					273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian					279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian					283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian					286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian	Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
			Katian				Gamachian	445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian				Chatfieldian		453
							Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dapingian							467.3
			Dapingian				Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
			Floian			Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean				477.7
						Stairsian				480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian				485.4
			Stage 10							487.5
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
														1400